| GLOBAL WARMING
GLOSSARY
OF GLOBAL WARMING Abrupt
Climate Change: A
change in climate over a widespread area that takes place so rapidly and
unexpectedly that human and natural systems have difficulty adapting. An abrupt
climate change occurs on the scale of decades, rather than centuries, and
persists for years. Aerosols: Solid or liquid particles
suspended within the atmosphere. Afforestation: Planting of new
forests on lands that have not been recently forested. Albedo: Refers to the ratio of
light from the sun that is reflected by the Earth's surface to the light
received by it. Un reflected light is converted to infrared radiation
(i.e., heat), which causes atmospheric warming (see "radiative
forcing"). Thus, surfaces with a high albedo (e.g., snow and ice)
generally contribute to cooling, whereas surfaces with a low albedo (e.g.,
forests) generally contribute to warming. Changes in land use that
significantly alters the characteristics of land surfaces can therefore
influence the climate through changes in albedo. Allocation: Under an emissions trading
scheme, permits to emit can initially either be given away for free, usually
under a ‘grandfathering’ approach based on past emissions in a base year or an
‘updating’ approach based on the more recent emissions. The alternative
is to auction permits in an initial market offering. Ancillary
Benefits:
Complementary benefits of a climate policy including improvements in local air
quality and reduced reliance of imported fossil fuels. Assigned
Amount: In
the Kyoto Protocol, the permitted emissions, in CO2 equivalents,
during a commitment period. It is calculated using the Quantified
Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitment (QELRC), together with rules
specifying how and what emissions are to be counted. Anthropogenic
Emissions:
Emissions of greenhouse gasses resulting from human activities. Annex I
Parties: The 40 countries
plus the European Economic Community listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC that
agreed to try to limit their GHG emissions: Australia, Austria, Belarus,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, European Economic
Community, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy,
Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, The Netherlands,
New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United States. Annex
A: A list in the
Kyoto Protocol of the six greenhouse gases and the sources of emissions covered
under the Kyoto Protocol. See also "Basket of Gases." Annex
B: A list
in the Kyoto Protocol of 38 countries plus the European Community that agreed
to QELRCs (emission targets), along with the QELRCs they accepted. The
list is nearly identical to the Annex I Parties listed in the Convention except
that it does not include Belarus or Turkey. Baselines: The baseline estimates of
population, GDP, energy use and hence resultant greenhouse gas emissions
without climate policies, determine how big a reduction is required, and also
what the impacts of climate change without policy will be. Base
Year:
Targets for reducing GHG emissions are often defined in relation to a base
year. In the Kyoto Protocol, 1990 is the base year for most countries for
the major GHGs; 1995 can be used as the base year for some of the minor GHGs. Basket
of Gases: This
refers to the group six of greenhouse gases regulated under the Kyoto
Protocol. They are listed in Annex A of the Kyoto Protocol and include:
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride
(SF6). Berlin Mandate: Decision of the Parties reached
at the first session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP-1) in
1995 in Berlin that the commitments made by Annex I countries were inadequate
and thus needed to be strengthened. Black
Carbon Aerosols:
Particles of carbon in the atmosphere produced by inefficient combustion of
fossil fuels or biomass. Black carbon aerosols absorb light from the sun,
shading and cooling the Earth's surface, but contribute to significant warming
of the atmosphere (see "radiative forcing"). Bryd-Hagel
Resolution:
In June 1997, anticipating the December 1997 meeting in Kyoto, Senator Robert
C. Byrd (D-WV) introduced, with Sen. Chuck Hagel (R-NE) and 44 other
cosponsors, a resolution stating that the impending Kyoto Protocol (or any
subsequent international climate change agreement) should not - "(A)
mandate new commitments to limit or reduce GHG emissions for the Annex I
Parties [i.e. industrialized countries], unless the protocol or other agreement
also mandates new specific scheduled commitments to limit or reduce GHG
emissions for Developing Country Parties within the same compliance period, or (B) would
result in serious harm to the economy of the United States..." Bubble: An option in the Kyoto Protocol
that allows a group of countries to meet their targets jointly by aggregating
their total emissions. The member states of the European Union are
utilizing this option. Biodiversity: The variety of organisms found
within a specified geographic region. Capital
Stock: Existing
investments in energy plant and equipment that may or may not be modified once
installed. Carbon
Dioxide (CO2): CO2 is a colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas that is a
normal part of the ambient air. Of the six greenhouse gases normally
targeted, CO2 contributes the most to human-induced global
warming. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion and
deforestation have increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2 by
approximately 30 percent since the industrial revolution. CO2
is the standard used to determine the "global warming potentials"
(GWPs) of other gases. CO2 has been assigned a 100-year GWP of
1 (i.e., the warming effects over a 100-year time frame relative to other
greenhouse gases). Carbon
Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e): The emissions of a gas, by weight, multiplied by
its "global warming potential." Carbon
Sinks: Processes
that remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release.
Both the terrestrial biosphere and oceans can act as carbon sinks. Carbon
Taxes: A surcharge
on the carbon content of oil, coal, and gas that discourages the use of fossil
fuels and aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Certified
Emissions Reduction (CER): Reductions of greenhouse gases achieved by a Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) project. A CER can be sold or counted toward Annex I
countries' emissions commitments. Reductions must be additional to any
that would otherwise occur. Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs): CFCs are
synthetic industrial gases composed of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. They
have been used as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, cleaning solvents and in
the manufacture of plastic foam. There are no natural sources of
CFCs. CFCs have an atmospheric lifetime of decades to centuries, and they
have 100-year "global warming potentials" thousands of times that of
CO2, depending on the gas. In addition to being greenhouse
gases, CFCs also contribute to ozone depletion in the stratosphere and are
controlled under the Montreal Protocol. Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM): One of the three market mechanisms established by the
Kyoto Protocol. The CDM is designed to promote sustainable development in
developing countries and assist Annex I Parties in meeting their greenhouse gas
emissions reduction commitments. It enables industrialized countries to
invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries and to receive
credits for reductions achieved. Climate: The long-term average weather of
a region including typical weather patterns, the frequency and intensity of
storms, cold spells, and heat waves. Climate is not the same as weather. Climate
change: Refers to
changes in long-term trends in the average climate, such as changes in average
temperatures. In IPCC usage, climate change refers to any change in
climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human
activity. In UNFCCC usage, climate change refers to a change in climate
that is attributable directly or indirectly to human activity that alters
atmospheric composition. Climate
Sensitivity: The average
global air surface temperature change resulting from a doubling of
pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The IPCC
estimates climate sensitivity at 1.5-4.5oC (2.7-8.1oF). Climate
Variability:
Refers to changes in patterns, such as precipitation patterns, in the weather
and climate. Commitment
Period: The
period under the Kyoto Protocol during which Annex I Parties' GHG emissions,
averaged over the period, must be within their emission targets. The
first commitment period runs from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012. Conference
of the Parties (COP):
The supreme decision-making body comprised of the parties that have ratified
the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. It meets on an annual
basis. As of February 2003, it is comprised of 188 countries. Discounting: The process that reduces future
costs and benefits to reflect the time value of money and the common preference
of consumption now rather than later. Early
Crediting: A
provision that allows crediting of emission reductions achieved prior to the
start of a legally imposed emission control period. These credits can
then be used to assist in achieving compliance once a legally imposed system
begins. Ecosystem: A community of organisms and its
physical environment. Emissions: The release of substances
(e.g., greenhouse gases) into the atmosphere. Emissions
Cap: A mandated
restraint in a scheduled timeframe that puts a "ceiling" on the total
amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions that can be released into the
atmosphere. This can be measured as gross emissions or as net emissions
(emissions minus gases that are sequestered). Emissions
Reduction Unit (ERU):
Emissions reductions generated by projects in Annex B countries that can be
used by another Annex B country to help meet its commitments under the Kyoto
Protocol. Reductions must be additional to those that would otherwise
occur. Emissions
Trading: A market
mechanism that allows emitters (countries, companies or facilities) to buy
emissions from or sell emissions to other emitters. Emissions trading is
expected to bring down the costs of meeting emission targets by allowing those
who can achieve reductions less expensively to sell excess reductions (e.g.
reductions in excess of those required under some regulation) to those for whom
achieving reductions is more costly. Energy
Resources: The
available supply and price of fossil and alternative resources will play a huge
role in estimating how much a greenhouse gas constraint will cost. In the
U.S. context, natural gas supply (and thus price) is particularly important, as
it is expected to be a transition fuel to a lower carbon economy. Enhanced
Greenhouse Effect:
The increase in the natural greenhouse effect resulting from increases in
atmospheric concentrations of GHGs due to emissions from human
activities. Entry
Into Force:
The point at which international climate change agreements become
binding. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) has entered into force. In order for the Kyoto Protocol to
do so as well, 55 Parties to the Convention must ratify (approve, accept, or
accede to) the Protocol, including Annex I Parties accounting for 55 percent of
that group's carbon dioxide emissions in 1990. As of June 2003, 110
countries had ratified the Protocol, representing 43.9 percent of Annex I
emissions. European
Community: As a
regional economic integration organization, the European Community can be and
is a Party to the UNFCCC; however, it does not have a separate vote from its
members (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland,
Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United
Kingdom). Evapo
transpiration:
The process by which water re-enters the atmosphere through evaporation from
the ground and transpiration by plants. GDP: Gross Domestic Product, a measure
of overall economic activity. General
Circulation Model (GCM): A computer model of the basic dynamics and physics of the components
of the global climate system (including the atmosphere and oceans) and their
interactions which can be used to simulate climate variability and change. Global
Warming: The
progressive gradual rise of the Earth's average surface temperature thought to
be caused in part by increased concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere. Global
Warming Potential (GWP): A system of multipliers devised to enable warming
effects of different gases to be compared. The cumulative warming effect,
over a specified time period, of an emission of a mass unit of CO2
is assigned the value of 1. Effects of emissions of a mass unit of non-CO2
greenhouse gases are estimated as multiples. For example, over the
next 100 years, a gram of methane (CH4) in the atmosphere is
currently estimated as having 23 times the warming effect as a gram of carbon
dioxide; methane's 100-year GWP is thus 23. Estimates of GWP vary
depending on the time-scale considered (e.g., 20-, 50-, or 100-year GWP),
because the effects of some GHGs are more persistent than others. Greenhouse
Effect: The
insulating effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane,etc.) that keeps the Earth's temperature about 60°F warmer
than it would be otherwise. Greenhouse
Gas (GHG): Any
gas that contributes to the "greenhouse effect." Group
of 77 and China, or G77/China: An international organization established in 1964 by 77
developing countries; membership has now increased to 133 countries. The
group acts as a major negotiating bloc on some issues including climate change. HGWP
(High Global Warming Potential): Some industrially produced gases such as sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs) have extremely high GWPs. Emissions of these gases have a
much greater effect on global warming than an equal emission (by weight) of the
naturally occurring gases. Most of these gases have GWPs 1,300 -
23,900 times that of CO2. These GWPs can be compared to the
GWPs of CO2, CH4, and N2O which are presently
estimated to be 1, 23 and 296, respectively. "Hot
Air":
A situation in which emissions (of a country, sector, company or facility) are
well below a target due to the target being above emissions that materialized
under the normal course of events (i.e. without deliberate emission reduction
efforts). Hot air can result from over-optimistic projections of
growth. Emissions are often projected to grow roughly in proportion
to GDP, and GDP is often projected to grow at historic rates. If a
recession occurs and fuel use declines, emissions may be well below targets
since targets are generally set in relation to emission projections. If
emissions trading is allowed, an emitter could sell the difference between
actual emissions and emission targets. Such emissions are considered hot
air because they do not represent reductions from what would have occurred in
the normal course of events. Hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs): HFCs are
synthetic industrial gases, primarily used in refrigeration and semi-conductor
manufacturing as commercial substitutes for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). There
are no natural sources of HFCs. The atmospheric lifetime of HFCs is
decades to centuries, and they have 100-year "global warming
potentials" thousands of times that of CO2, depending on the
gas. HFCs are among the six greenhouse gases to be curbed under the Kyoto
Protocol. Incentive-based
Regulation: A
regulation that uses the economic behavior of firms and households to attain
desired environmental goals. Incentive-based programs involve taxes on
emissions or tradable emission permits. The primary strength of
incentive-based regulation is the flexibility it provides the polluter to find
the least costly way to reduce emissions. Intergenerational
Equity: The
fairness of the distribution of the costs and benefits of a policy when costs
and benefits are borne by different generations. In the case of a climate
change policy the impacts of inaction in the present will be felt in future
generations. Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): The IPCC was established in 1988 by the World
Meteorological Organization and the UN Environment Programme. The IPCC is
responsible for providing the scientific and technical foundation for the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), primarily
through the publication of periodic assessment reports (see "Second
Assessment Report" and "Third Assessment Report"). Joint
Implementation (JI):
One of the three market mechanisms established by the Kyoto Protocol.
Joint Implementation occurs when an Annex B country invests in an emissions
reduction or sink enhancement project in another Annex B country to earn
emission reduction units (ERUs). Kyoto
Mechanisms: The
Kyoto Protocol creates three market-based mechanisms that have the potential to
help countries reduce the cost of meeting their emissions reduction
targets. These mechanisms are Joint Implementation (Article 6), the Clean
Development Mechanisms (Article 12), and Emissions Trading (Article 17). Kyoto
Protocol: An
international agreement adopted in December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. The
Protocol sets binding emission targets for developed countries that would
reduce their emissions on average 5.2 percent below 1990 levels. Land
Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF): Land uses and land-use changes can act either as
sinks or as emission sources. It is estimated that approximately
one-fifth of global emissions result from LULUCF activities. The Kyoto
Protocol allows Parties to receive emissions credit for certain LULUCF
activities that reduce net emissions. Market
Benefits:
Benefits of a climate policy that can be measured in terms of avoided market
impacts such as changes in resource productivity (e.g., lower agricultural
yields, scarcer water resources) and damages to human-built environment (e.g.,
coastal flooding due to sea-level rise). Mauna
Loa Record: The
record of measurement of atmospheric CO2 concentrations taken at
Mauna Loa Observatory, Mauna Loa, Hawaii, since March 1958. This record
shows the continuing increase in average annual atmospheric CO2
concentrations. Methane
(CH4):
CH4 is among the six greenhouse gases to be curbed under the Kyoto
Protocol. Atmospheric CH4 is produced by natural processes, but
there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as landfills,
livestock and livestock wastes, natural gas and petroleum systems, coalmines,
rice fields, and wastewater treatment. CH4 has a relatively
short atmospheric lifetime of approximately 10 years, but its 100-year GWP is
currently estimated to be approximately 23 times that of CO2. Microwave
Sounding Units (MSU):
Sensors carried aboard Earth orbiting satellites that have been used since 1979
to monitor tropospheric temperatures. National
Action Plans:
Plans submitted to the Conference of the Parties (COP) by all Parties outlining
the steps that they have adopted to limit their anthropogenic GHG
emissions. Countries must submit these plans as a condition of
participating in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and,
subsequently, must communicate their progress to the COP regularly. Negative
Feedback: A
process that results in a reduction in the response of a system to an external
influence. For example, increased plant productivity in response to
global warming would be a negative feedback on warming, because the additional
growth would act as a sink for CO2, reducing the atmospheric CO2
concentration. Nitrous
Oxide (N2O): N2O is among the six greenhouse gases to be curbed under
the Kyoto Protocol. N2O is produced by natural processes, but
there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as agriculture
and fossil fuel combustion. The atmospheric lifetime of N2O is
approximately 100 years, and its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be 296
times that of CO2. Non-Annex
I Parties:
Countries that have ratified or acceded to the UNFCCC that are listed in
Annex I of the UNFCCC. Non-Annex
B Parties:
Countries that are not listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol. Non-Market
Benefits:
Benefits of a climate policy that can be measured in terms of avoided
non-market impacts such as human-health impacts (e.g., increased incidence of
tropical diseases) and damages to ecosystems (e.g., loss of biodiversity). Non-Party: A state that has not ratified the
UNFCCC. Non-parties may attend talks as observers. Per
fluorocarbons (PFCs):
PFCs are among the six types of greenhouse gases to be curbed under the Kyoto
Protocol. PFCs are synthetic industrial gases generated as a by-product of
aluminum smelting and uranium enrichment. They also are used as
substitutes for CFCs in the manufacture of semiconductors. There are no natural
sources of PFCs. PFCs have atmospheric lifetimes of thousands to tens of
thousands of years and 100-year GWPs thousands of times that of CO2,
depending on the gas. "Polluter
Pays" Principle (PPP): The principle that countries should in some way compensate others for
the effects of pollution that they (or their citizens) generate or have generated. ppm or
ppb:
Abbreviations for "parts per million" and "parts per
billion," respectively - the units in which concentrations of greenhouse
gases are commonly presented. For example, since the pre-industrial era,
atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased from 270 ppm to 370
ppm. Positive
Feedback: A
process that results in an amplification of the response of a system to an
external influence. For example, increased atmospheric water vapor in
response to global warming would be a positive feedback on warming, because
water vapor is a GHG and thus increases in water vapor in association with
increases in greenhouse gases would cause greater warming than would occur if
water vapor remained constant. QELRC
(Quantified Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitment): Also known as QELRO (Quantified
Emission Limitation and Reduction Objective): The quantified commitments
for GHG emissions listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol. QELRCs are
specified in percentages relative to 1990 emissions. Radiative
Forcing: The term
radiative forcing refers to changes in the energy balance of the
earth-atmosphere system in response to a change in factors such as greenhouse
gas emissions, land-use change, or solar radiation. The climate system
inherently attempts to balance incoming (e.g., light) and outgoing (e.g., heat)
radiation. Positive radiative forcings increase the temperature of the
lower atmosphere, which in turn increases temperatures at the Earth's
surface. Negative radiative forcings cool the lower atmosphere.
Radiative forcing is most commonly measured in units of watts per square meter
(W/m2). Radiosondes: Sensors carried aboard
weather balloons that have been in continuous use since 1979 for the monitoring
of troposphere temperatures. Ratification: After signing the UNFCCC or the
Kyoto Protocol, a country must ratify it, often with the approval of its
parliament or other legislature. In the case of the Kyoto Protocol, a
Party must deposit its instrument of ratification with the UN Secretary
General in New York. Reforestation: Replanting of forests on
lands that have recently been harvested. Regional
Groups: The five
regional groups meet privately to discuss issues and nominate bureau members
and other officials. They are Africa, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe
(CEE), Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC), and the Western Europe and
Others Group (WEOG). Renewable
Energy: Energy
obtained from sources such as geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, solar, and
biomass. Revenue
Recycling: If
permits are auctioned, this gives considerable sums of money to be recycled
back into the economy, either through a lump sum payment of offsetting other
taxes. If the existing taxes that are correspondingly reduced were very
inefficient, this allows the possibility of both environmental and economic
benefits from the trading system, commonly called the 'double dividend.' Second
Assessment Report (SAR): The Second Assessment Report, prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change, reviewed the existing scientific literature on climate
change. Finalized in 1995, it is comprised of three volumes: Science;
Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation; and Economic and Social Dimensions of
Climate Change. Secretariat
of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: The United Nations staff assigned
the responsibility of conducting the affairs of the UNFCCC. In 1996 the
Secretariat moved from Geneva, Switzerland, to Bonn, Germany. Sequestration: Opportunities to remove
atmospheric CO2, either through biological processes (e.g. plants
and trees), or geological processes through storage of CO2 in
underground reservoirs. Sinks: Any process, activity or
mechanism that results in the net removal of greenhouse gases, aerosols, or
precursors of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Source: Any process or activity that
results in the net release of greenhouse gases, aerosols, or precursors of
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Stratosphere: The region of the Earth's
atmosphere 10-50 km above the surface of the planet. SRES
Scenarios:
A suite of emissions scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change in its Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES). These
scenarios were developed to explore a range of potential future greenhouse gas
emissions pathways over the 21st century and their subsequent
implications for global climate change. Subsidiary
Body for Implementation (SBI): A permanent body established by the UNFCCC that makes
recommendations to the COP on policy and implementation issues. It is
open to participation by all Parties and is composed of government
representatives. Subsidiary
Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA): A permanent body established by
the UNFCCC that serves as a link between expert information sources such
as the IPCC and the COP. Substitution: The economic process of trading
off inputs and consumption due to changes in prices arising from a
constraint on greenhouse gas emissions. How the extremely flexible U.S.
economy adapts to available substitutes and/or finds new methods of production
under a greenhouse gas constraint will be critical in minimizing overall costs
of reducing emissions. Sulfate
Aerosols:
Sulfur-based particles derived from emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2)
from the burning of fossil fuels (particularly coal). Sulfate aerosols
reflect incoming light from the sun, shading and cooling the Earth's surface
(see "radiative forcing") and thus offset some of the warming
historically caused by greenhouse gases. Sulfur
Hexafluoride (SF6): SF6 is among the six types of greenhouse gases
to be curbed under the Kyoto Protocol. SF6 is a synthetic
industrial gas largely used in heavy industry to insulate high-voltage
equipment and to assist in the manufacturing of cable-cooling systems.
There are no natural sources of SF6. SF6 has an
atmospheric lifetime of 3,200 years. Its 100-year GWP is currently
estimated to be 22,200 times that of CO2. Supplementarity: The Protocol does not allow Annex
I parties to meet their emission targets entirely through use of emissions
trading and the other Kyoto Mechanisms; use of the mechanisms must be
supplemental to domestic actions to limit or reduce their emissions. Targets
and Timetables:
Targets refer to the emission levels or emission rates set as goals for
countries, sectors, companies, or facilities. When these goals are to be
reached by specified years, the years at which goals are to be met are referred
to as the timetables. In the Kyoto Protocol, a target is the percent
reduction from the 1990 emissions baseline that the country has agreed
to. On average, developed countries agreed to reduce emissions by 5.2%
below 1990 emissions during the period 2008-2012, the first commitment period. Technological
Change: How much
technological change will be additionally induced by climate policies is a
crucial, but not well quantified, factor in assessing the costs of long-term
mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Thermal
expansion:
Expansion of a substance as a result of the addition of heat. In the
context of climate change, thermal expansion of the world's oceans in response
to global warming is considered the predominant driver of current and future
sea-level rise. Thermohaline
Circulation (THC):
A three-dimensional pattern of ocean circulation driven by wind, heat and
salinity that is an important component of the ocean-atmosphere climate
system. In the Atlantic, winds transport warm tropical surface water
northward where it cools, becomes more dense, and sinks into the deep ocean, at
which point it reverses direction and migrates back to the tropics, where it
eventually warms and returns to the surface. This cycle or "conveyor
belt" is a major mechanism for the global transport of heat, and thus has
an important influence on the climate. Global warming is projected to
increase sea-surface temperatures, which may slow the THC by reducing the
sinking of cold water in the North Atlantic. In addition, ocean salinity
also influences water density, and thus decreases in sea-surface salinity from
the melting of ice caps and glaciers may also slow the
THC. Third
Assessment Report (TAR): The most recent Assessment Report prepared by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, which reviewed the existing scientific literature on
climate change, including new information acquired since the completion of the
Second Assessment report (SAR). Finalized in 2001, it is comprised of
three volumes: Science; Impacts and Adaptation; and Mitigation. Trace
Gas: A term used
to refer to gases found in the Earth's atmosphere other than nitrogen, oxygen,
argon and water vapor. When this terminology is used, carbon dioxide, methane,
and nitrous oxide are classified as trace gases. Although trace gases
taken together make up less than one percent of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide,
methane and nitrous oxide are important in the climate system. Water vapor
also plays an important role in the climate system; its concentrations in the
lower atmosphere vary considerably from essentially zero in cold dry air masses
to perhaps 4 percent by volume in humid tropical air masses. Troposphere: The region of the Earth's
atmosphere 0-10 km above the planet's surface. Umbrella
Group:
Negotiating group within the UNFCCC process comprising the United States,
Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Iceland, Russia, and Ukraine. Uncertainty: Uncertainty is a prominent
feature of the benefits and costs of climate change. Decision makers need
to compare risk of premature or unnecessary actions with risk of failing to
take actions that subsequently prove to be warranted. This is complicated
by potential irreversibility’s in climate impacts and long term investments. United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): A treaty signed at the 1992 Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro that calls for the "stabilization of greenhouse
gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system." The treaty
includes a non-binding call for developed countries to return their emissions
to 1990 levels by the year 2000. The treaty took effect in March 1994
upon ratification by more than 50 countries. The United States was the
first industrialized nation to ratify the Convention. Urban
Heat Island (UHI):
Refers to the tendency for urban areas to have warmer air temperatures than the
surrounding rural landscape, due to the low albedo of streets, sidewalks,
parking lots, and buildings. These surfaces absorb solar radiation during
the day and release it at night, resulting in higher night
temperatures. Vector-borne
disease: Disease
that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by
blood-feeding anthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples
of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, viral encephalitis, Lyme
disease, and malaria. Water
Vapor (H2O): Water vapor is the primary gas responsible for the greenhouse
effect. It is believed that increases in temperature caused by
anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases will increase the amount of water
vapor in the atmosphere, resulting in additional warming (see "positive
feedback"). Weather: Describes the short-term (i.e.,
hourly and daily) state of the atmosphere. Weather is not the same as
climate. |